Retrograde ejaculation
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* Definition
* Symptoms
* Causes
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Mayo Clinic Health Manager
Housecall, our weekly general-interest e-newsletter, keeps you up to date on a wide variety of health topics with timely, reliable, practical information, recipes, blogs, questions and answers with Mayo Clinic experts and more. Our biweekly topic-specific e-newsletters also include blogs, questions and answers with Mayo Clinic experts, and other useful information that will help you manage your health.
Definition
By Mayo Clinic staff
Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm. Although you still reach sexual climax, you may ejaculate very little or no semen. This is called a dry orgasm. Retrograde ejaculation isn’t harmful, but it can cause male infertility.
Retrograde ejaculation can be caused by medications, health conditions or surgeries that affect the nerves or muscles that control the bladder opening. If retrograde ejaculation is caused by a drug you’re taking, stopping the drug may be an effective treatment. For retrograde ejaculation due to a health condition or as a result of surgery, treatment with drugs may restore normal ejaculation and fertility. But treatment for retrograde ejaculation is generally only needed to restore fertility.
Retrograde planets:
As explained earlier, except the Sun and the Moon the rest of the planets, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn change their proper motion through the Zodiac periodically and appear to move backwards. After some time they resume their direct motion. When a planet is retrograde it is marked in the horoscope with the mark ‘R’. A retrograde planet becomes more powerful. It also gives some unusual results and sometimes in the reverse order in the timing of effects etc.
How Are Retorgrade Planets Interpreted?
What are retrograde planets and how are they interpreted in a birth chart?
Some people think retrograde planets have a particular lesson to do with past lives. For those who don’t believe in reincarnation, retrograde plants can still signify areas where energy might be held back.
A retrograde planet in a birth chart is a planet that is moving in apparent backward motion at the time of birth. From an earth vintage point, a planet appears to move backwards for a certain amount of time. Planets never actually move backwards, hence the term
“apparent”.
When interpreting a birth chart, the energy of a retrograde planet may at times in the person’s life seem blocked in some way. In karmic terms this can represent an inner struggle and areas where greater effort is needed to achieve personal goals.
Retrograde Planets
Every so often all planets apart from the Sun and Moon will appear to be retrograde.
The energy of planets that are retrograde in a chart is experienced in a more subjective, internal way. One way to imagine this is it is as if affairs relating to the retrograde planet are experienced with the brakes on or in slow motion. However this is not always a negative experience. The person might actually benefit by feeling or living through the finer qualities of the planet that could otherwise have been missed. Affairs associated with the retrograde planet may often be managed secretively.
Retrograde Planets when Interpreting the Future
When transiting planets are retrograde, this will affect areas relating to that planet for instance, when Mercury is retrograde, messages are mislaid or misunderstood, travel delays/hold-ups are likely and people are more prone to make mental mistakes.
When Mars is retrograde, anger or aggression could be internalised or people might display unwarranted acts of aggression.
Hold-ups in important projects and ventures could occur when Jupiter is retrograde. Anything on a large or grand scale might experience problems.
When Saturn is retrograde, people might feel insecure or as if their security is being shattered in some way. There may be worry and tension.
Red flag warning
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A Red Flag Warning is a forecast warning issued by the United States National Weather Service to inform area firefighting and land management agencies that conditions are ideal for wildland fire ignition and propagation. After drought conditions, and when humidity is very low, and especially when high or erratic winds which may include lightning are a factor, the Red Flag Warning becomes a critical statement for firefighting agencies, which often alter their staffing and equipment resources dramatically to accommodate the forecast risk. To the public, a Red Flag Warning means high fire danger with increased probability of a quickly spreading vegetation fire in the area within 24 hours.
The weather criteria for fire weather watches and red flag warnings varies with each Weather Service Office’s warning area based on the local vegetation type, topography, and distance from major water sources but usually includes the daily vegetation moisture content calculations, expected afternoon high temperature, afternoon minimum relative humidity and daytime wind speed.
Outdoor burning bans may also be proclaimed by local law and fire agencies based on Red Flag Warnings.
A separate but less imminent forecast may include a Fire Weather Watch, which is issued to alert fire and land management agencies to the possibility that Red Flag conditions may exist beyond the first forecast period (12 hours). The watch is issued generally 12 to 48 hours in advance of the expected conditions, but can be issued up to 72 hours in advance if the NWS agency is reasonably confident. The term “Fire Weather Watch” is headlined in the routine forecast and issued as a product. That watch then remains in effect until it expires, is canceled, or upgraded to a Red Flag Warning.
Are you complying with the Red Flags Rule?
The Red Flags Rule requires many businesses and organizations to implement a written Identity Theft Prevention Program designed to detect the warning signs – or “red flags” – of identity theft in their day-to-day operations. Are you covered by the Red Flags Rule? Read Fighting Fraud with the Red Flags Rule: A How-To Guide for Business to:
* Find out if the rule applies to your business or organization;
* Get practical tips on spotting the red flags of identity theft, taking steps to prevent the crime, and mitigating the damage it inflicts; and
* Learn how to put in place your written Identity Theft Prevention Program.
By identifying red flags in advance, you’ll be better equipped to spot suspicious patterns when they arise and take steps to prevent a red flag from escalating into a costly episode of identity theft. Take advantage of other resources on this site to educate your employees and colleagues about complying with the Red Flags Rule.
Visionary leaders are the builders of a new dawn, working with imagination, insight, and boldness. They present a challenge that calls forth the best in people and brings them together around a shared sense of purpose. They work with the power of intentionality and alignment with a higher purpose. Their eyes are on the horizon, not just on the near at hand. They are social innovators and change agents, seeing the big picture and thinking strategically.
There is a profound interconnectedness between the leader and the whole, and true visionary leaders serve the good of the whole. They recognize that there is some truth on both sides of most polarized issues in our society today. They search for solutions that transcend the usual adversarial approaches and address the causal level of problems. They find a higher synthesis of the best of both sides of an issue and address the systemic root causes of problems to create real breakthroughs.
incredible
Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary
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1412. From Latin incrēdibilis (“‘that cannot be believed’”), from in- (“‘not’”) + crēdibilis (“‘worthy of belief’”), from crēdō (“‘believe’”).
[edit] Pronunciation
* enPR: ĭnkrĕ’dəbəl, IPA: /ɪnˈkrɛdəbəl/, SAMPA: /In”krEd@b@l/
[edit] Adjective
incredible (comparative more incredible, superlative most incredible)
Positive
incredible
Comparative
more incredible
Superlative
most incredible
1. Too implausible to be credible; beyond belief; unbelievable.
* The e-mail she wrote was too incredible and all her friends thought it was a joke.
2. Amazing; astonishing; awe-inspiring.
* He was so wrapped up in watching the incredible special effects that he couldn’t keep track of the story.
3. Marvelous; profoundly affecting; wonderful.
* I had such an incredible slice of pizza last night that I simply can’t think about anything else.
[edit] Related terms
* credibility
* credible
* creed
* incredibility
* incredibly
The Value of Visionary Leadership
A plan to exist 40 years from now will require much more than each individual worker expertly and precisely driving a spike in the rail. The real issue is whether anyone knows where the rail is heading and why it is heading in that direction.
Leadership is unquestionably the key factor in determining if Extension will be capable of synthesizing future changes in demographics, science, technology, educational models, and human needs, and then developing a very clear and specific vision for our system.
The futurist John Scharr is quoted as saying (Hempel, 1996), “The future is not some place we are going to, but one we are creating. The paths are not to be found, but made, and the activity of making them changes both the maker and the destinations.”
Mr. Incredible
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For Team Leader of History Channel’s “Shadow Force” and television producer Bob Parr, see Bob Parr (producer)
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Mr. Incredible
Comic image missing.svg
Publication information
Publisher Dark Horse Comics/Boom! Studios/The Walt Disney Company/Pixar Animation Studios
First appearance The Incredibles
Created by Brad Bird
In-story information
Alter ego Robert “Bob” Parr
Team affiliations Incredible Family (co-leader and head of household)
National Supers Agency (ties)
Notable aliases Bob Parr
Abilities Superhuman strength, stamina and durability,
enhanced speed and senses, pre-cognitive intuition.
Robert “Bob” Parr (superhero name Mr. Incredible), is a fictional superhero with great strength and durability introduced in the animated Disney/Pixar motion picture The Incredibles. His strength is of such dimensions that he can single-handedly lift a semi-truck with little difficulty. His best friend is fellow “super” Lucius Best a.k.a. Frozone. Mr. Incredible is married to Elastigirl (Helen Parr), who have three children together: Violet, Dash, and Jack-Jack.
Synchronicity
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Contents
[hide]
* 1 Description
* 2 Scientific reasoning
* 3 Examples
* 4 In popular culture
o 4.1 Film
o 4.2 Other media
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References and further reading
* 8 External links
This article is about the philosophical concept. For other uses, see Synchronicity (disambiguation).
Synchronicity is the experience of two or more events that are causally unrelated occurring together in a meaningful manner. To count as synchronicity, the events should be unlikely to occur together by chance.
The concept does not question, or compete with, the notion of causality. Instead, it maintains that just as events may be grouped by cause, they may also be grouped by their meaning. Since meaning is a complex mental construction, subject to conscious and subconscious influence, not every correlation in the grouping of events by meaning needs to have an explanation in terms of cause and effect.
[edit] Description
picture of the concept of synchronicity by CG Jung
The idea of synchronicity is that the conceptual relationship of minds, defined as the relationship between ideas, is intricately structured in its own logical way and gives rise to relationships that are not causal in nature. These relationships can manifest themselves as simultaneous occurrences that are meaningfully related—the cause and the effect occur together.
Synchronous events reveal an underlying pattern, a conceptual framework that encompasses, but is larger than, any of the systems that display the synchronicity. The suggestion of a larger framework is essential to satisfy the definition of synchronicity as originally developed by Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung.[1]
Jung coined the word to describe what he called “temporally coincident occurrences of acausal events.” Jung variously described synchronicity as an “acausal connecting principle”, “meaningful coincidence” and “acausal parallelism”. Jung introduced the concept as early as the 1920s but only gave a full statement of it in 1951 in an Eranos lecture[2] and in 1952, published a paper, Synchronicity — An Acausal Connecting Principle, in a volume with a related study by the physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli.[3]
It was a principle that Jung felt gave conclusive evidence for his concepts of archetypes and the collective unconscious,[4] in that it was descriptive of a governing dynamic that underlies the whole of human experience and history—social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual. Concurrent events that first appear to be coincidental but later turn out to be causally related are termed incoincident.
Jung believed that many experiences that are coincidences due to chance in terms of causality suggested the manifestation of parallel events or circumstances in terms of meaning, reflecting this governing dynamic.[5]
One of Jung’s favourite quotes on synchronicity was from Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll, in which the White Queen says to Alice: “It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards”.[6][7]
[edit] Scientific reasoning
A possible explanation for Jung’s perception that the laws of probability seemed to be violated with some coincidences[8] can be seen in Littlewood’s law.
In psychology and cognitive science, confirmation bias is a tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions and avoids information and interpretations that contradict prior beliefs. It is a type of cognitive bias and represents an error of inductive inference, or as a form of selection bias toward confirmation of the hypothesis under study or disconfirmation of an alternative hypothesis. Confirmation bias is of interest in the teaching of critical thinking, as the skill is misused if rigorous critical scrutiny is applied only to evidence challenging a preconceived idea but not to evidence supporting it.[9]
Wolfgang Pauli, a scientist who in his professional life was severely critical of confirmation bias, made some effort to investigate the phenomenon, coauthoring a paper with Jung on the subject. Some of the evidence that Pauli cited was that ideas that occurred in his dreams would have synchronous analogs in later correspondence with distant collaborators.[10]
[edit] Examples
The French writer Émile Deschamps claims in his memoirs that in 1805, he was treated to some plum pudding by a stranger named Monsieur de Fontgibu. Ten years later, the writer encountered plum pudding on the menu of a Paris restaurant and wanted to order some, but the waiter told him that the last dish had already been served to another customer, who turned out to be de Fontgibu. Many years later, in 1832, Émile Deschamps was at a diner and was once again offered plum pudding. He recalled the earlier incident and told his friends that only de Fontgibu was missing to make the setting complete—and in the same instant, the now senile de Fontgibu entered the room.[11]
In his book Synchronicity (1952), Jung tells the following story as an example of a synchronistic event: “A young woman I was treating had, at a critical moment, a dream in which she was given a golden scarab. While she was telling me this dream, I sat with my back to the closed window. Suddenly I heard a noise behind me, like a gentle tapping. I turned round and saw a flying insect knocking against the window-pane from the outside. I opened the window and caught the creature in the air as it flew in. It was the nearest analogy to a golden scarab one finds in our latitudes, a scarabaeid beetle, the common rose-chafer (Cetonia aurata), which, contrary to its usual habits had evidently felt the urge to get into a dark room at this particular moment. I must admit that nothing like it ever happened to me before or since.” [12]
The wardrobe department for The Wizard of Oz unknowingly purchased a coat for character Professor Marvel from a second-hand store, which was later verified to have originally been owned by L. Frank Baum, the author of the novel on which the film was based.[13] The comic strip character Dennis The Menace featuring a young boy in a red and black striped shirt debuted on March 12, 1951 in 16 newspapers in the United States. Three days later in the UK a character called Dennis The Menace, wearing a red and black striped jumper made his debut in children’s comic The Beano. Both creators have denied any causal connection.
Jung wrote, after describing some examples, “When coincidences pile up in this way, one cannot help being impressed by them — for the greater the number of terms in such a series, or the more unusual its character, the more improbable it becomes.”[14]
[edit] In popular culture
[edit] Film
In the 1976 WWII film The Eagle Has Landed, set during 1943, the character Max Radl (Robert Duvall) asks a subordinate if he is familiar with the works of Jung and then explains the theory of synchronicity. This is an unintended prochronism, as Jung did not lecture or publish on the issue until 1951, and Max Radl explicitly mentions synchronicity appearing in “the works of Jung”.
In the 1984 film Repo Man, Miller’s “Plate ‘o’ Shrimp” theory[15] outlines the idea of synchronicity. The Miller character states that while many people see life as a series of unconnected incidents, he believes that there is a “lattice o[f] coincidence that lays on top o[f] everything” that is “part of a cosmic unconsciousness.”
[edit] Other media
Writer and iconoclast Charles Hoy Fort mentioned synchronistic situations in his books (Book of the Damned, Lo!, New Lands, Wild Talents). New Lands (1923) tells of a woman who lost her ring in a nearby lake only to recover it years later inside a fish she bought at a local market. He also wrote about the butterfly effect years before Edward Lorenz, the American mathematician, coined the term (although the effect had been described in earlier works).
In the 1983 release Synchronicity by The Police (A&M Records), bassist Sting is reading a copy of Jung’s Synchronicity on the front cover along with a negative/superimposed image of the actual text of the synchronicity hypothesis. A photo on the back cover also shows a close-up, but mirrored and upside-down, image of the book. There are two songs, titled “Synchronicity I” and “Synchronicity II” included in the album.
The Dirk Gently series of books by Douglas Adams often plays on the synchronicity concept. The main character carries a “pocket I Ching” that also functions as a calculator, up to a point. In Philip K. Dick’s The Game-Players of Titan, several characters possessing pre-cognitive abilities cite the acausal principle of synchronicity as an element that hampers their ability to predict certain possible futures accurately.
In 2002, manga author Itagaki Keisuke based one of the story arcs of Baki The Search Of Our Strongest Hero on the synchronicity theme, presenting a story in which five death row inmates escaped at the same time, in different countries, each after surviving his own execution. Each inmate went back to Japan at the same time to meet in the same place for the same objective.
Heavy Metal band Blaze, lead by Blaze Bayley, released an album entitled The Tenth Dimension. The overall concept of the record is based on Jung’s work and the title song features the concept of synchronicity heavily.
[edit] See also
* Serendipity
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Jung, Carl (1960). The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche (Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 8). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 417-519. ISBN 0691097747.
2. ^ Casement, Ann, “Who Owns Jung?”, Karnac Books, 2007. ISBN 1855754037. Cf. page 25.
3. ^ Roderick Main (2000). “Religion, Science, and Synchronicity”. Harvest: Journal for Jungian Studies. http://www.essex.ac.uk/centres/psycho/publications/RMpapers.htm.
4. ^ Jung defined the collective unconscious as akin to instincts in Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious.
5. ^ In Synchronicity in the final two pages of the Conclusion, Jung stated that not all coincidences are meaningful and further explained the creative causes of this phenomenon.
6. ^ lecture notes, Jung Foundation, New York City, 1980s.
7. ^ Through the Looking-Glass, by Lewis Carroll, Ch. 5, Wool and Water.
8. ^ Jung On Synchronicity and the Paranormal p.91
9. ^ Tim van Gelder, “Heads I win, tails you lose”: A Foray Into the Psychology of Philosophy
10. ^ RealityShifters | Synchronicity
11. ^ Emile Deschamps, Oeuvres completes : Tomes I – VI, Reimpr. de l’ed. de Paris 1872 – ‘74
12. ^ The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, paragraph 843, Princeton University Press Edition.
13. ^ “Snopes entry”. http://www.snopes.com/movies/films/ozcoat.htm.
14. ^ C. G. Jung Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal, p. 91
15. ^ From the wikiquote page on Repo Man:
A lot o’ people don’t realize what’s really going on. They view life as a bunch o’ unconnected incidents ‘n things. They don’t realize that there’s this, like, lattice o’ coincidence that lays on top o’ everything. Give you an example; show you what I mean: suppose you’re thinkin’ about a plate o’ shrimp. Suddenly someone’ll say, like, plate, or shrimp, or plate o’ shrimp out of the blue, no explanation. No point in lookin’ for one, either. It’s all part of a cosmic unconsciousness.
[edit] References and further reading
* Carl Jung (1972). Synchronicity — An Acausal Connecting Principle. Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7397-6.
* Carl Jung (1977). Jung on Synchronicity and the Paranormal: Key Readings. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15508-8.
* Carl Jung (1981). The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01833-2.
* Robert Aziz, C.G. Jung’s Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity (1990), currently in its 10th printing, is a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0166-9.
* Robert Aziz, “Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology” in Carl B. Becker, ed. Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30452-1.
* Robert Aziz, The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung (2007), a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press ISBN 13:978-0-7914-6982-8.
* Marie-Louise von Franz (1980). On Divination and Synchronicity: The Psychology of Meaningful Chance. Inner City Books. ISBN 0-919123-02-3.
* Joseph Jaworski (1996). Synchronicity: the inner path of leadership. Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.. ISBN 1-881052-94-X.
* Arthur Koestler (1973). The Roots of Coincidence. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-71934-4.
* Victor Mansfield, (Physicist) (1995). Science, Synchronicity and Soul-Making. Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9304-3.
* Elisabeth Mardorf, Das kann doch kein Zufall sein [1]
* F. David Peat (1987). Synchronicity, The Bridge Between Matter and Mind. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-34676-8.
* Ira Progoff (1973). Jung, synchronicity, & human destiny: Noncausal dimensions of human experience.. New York, Julian Press. ISBN 0870970569. OCLC 763819.
* Richard Wilhelm (1986). Lectures on the I Ching: Constancy and Change Bollingen edition. Princeton University Press; Reprint. ISBN 0-691-01872-3. Note especially the foreword by Carl Jung. (The I Ching is a type of oracle, or synchronicity computer, used for divination.)
* Monsier de Fontgibu and the plum pudding in Echoes from the Harp of France, by Harriet Mary Carey, 1869, p. 174
[edit] External links
* Tarlacı, Sultan (2006) Jung’s Error: Synchronicity A New Theory. New/Yeni Symposium Journal, 44 (3). pp. 151-156.
* Carl Jung and Synchronicity
Synchronicities, Healing and Awareness
With the closing of our reality program, many more clients/people sense the end of time. Along with that comes the overwhelming need to help others and thus evolve personally through that energy. This seems to be the way the program is calling souls home. At the end of the day, it’s all a game of remembrance, created by the synchronistic movements of consciousness. Keep on attracting … That’s ‘The Secret.’
Synchronicities are patterns that repeat in time. The word ’synchronicity’ references the gears or wheels of time, though the actual concept of synchronicity cannot be scientifically proven. One can only record synchronicities as they occur and watch the patterns of behavior that create them. The concept of synchronicity is currently linked more to metaphysics, yet physics (quantum physics) and metaphysics are merging, thus showing their interconnection and how we manifest synchronicities in our lives.
Synchronicities bring people to Crystalinks … which takes them on all sorts of journeys into awareness. Many people the numbers 11:11 or derivatives of it the number 1 and seek information about it. This takes them to my file 11:11 as on and on they go reading through interconnected files to understand their journey and that of humanity which is the focus of Crystalinks.
Synchronicities are people, places or events that your soul attracts into your life to help you evolve to higher consciousness or to place emphasis on something going on in your life. The more ‘consciously aware’ you become of how your soul manifests, the higher your frequency becomes and the faster you manifest positively. Each day your life encounters meaningful coincidences, synchronicities, that you have attracted, on other words created in the grid of your experiences in the physical. Souls create synchronicities, played out in the physical. It is why you are here. It is how our reality works.
We have all heard the expression, “There are no accidents.” This is true. All that we experience is by design, and what we attract to our physical world. There are no accidents just synchronicity wheels, the wheels of time or karma, wheels within wheels, sacred geometry, the evolution of consciousness in the alchemy of time.
Not all synchronicities are positive. Do be careful. Sometimes they create major learning lessons. An example that many people experience is meeting or manifesting a lover by synchronicity, only to discover the person is wrong for them. Initially they think that the synchronistic experience, or person, represents the road they should take at that moment in time. This is not always the case. You can manifest negative people and situation, so take your time when you get caught up in synchronicity.
If you are dysfunctional, have emotional problems, and therefore are a drama person, your will attract and manifest dysfunctional people and events as reflections of your own inner turmoil. You need to realize what is going on within to manifest, attract to you, something positive outside of yourself. These people will always disappoint you, counteracted by your need to have the experience. Look at the underlying facts when the synchronicity occurs to be sure you know why you attracted that person or situation into your life.
Synchronicities may occur to make a quick point. Don’t blow them out of proportion. You must look at the bigger picture of the synchronicity, think outside the box, (the patterns of reality) not at the actual experience.
You can consider an event synchronistic when an inner experience such as a dream, vision, or other form of deja vu, prepares you for the physical event.
Your soul is always multitasking to create new experiences for you. If you watch how you move through life, you will understand. Doing this allows many people to clear their issues by writing their story as a catharsis of their experiences here.
The higher and clearer your frequency and intent, the faster you manifest synchronicities.
Examples of Synchronicity
# You are suffering with financial difficulties, yet money for basic expenses such as rent, food, and utilities, always manifests. You begin to trust this. At first you thank the universe or god, then you realize you create this abundance. You are learning to watch how you manifest and why, watching yourself from outside the box.
# You have just received your last check from unemployment when suddenly a job comes along.
# You walk into a book store not knowing what to buy, and the book you need falls from a shelf and practically hits you over the head.
# You have been feeling ill with no clear diagnosis. You meet someone who knows a doctor or healer with the answers. All physical problems stem from emotional issues. Your soul will point out the patterns and hopefully the solutions. When the person is ready to heal, the doctor will be there. That person will often show up by synchronicity. This all stems from various levels of depression and self-sabotage stemming from one’s DNA or life experiences that have worn them down. When you are confused and in emotional pain, you either have trouble manifesting synchronicities or they are major learning lessons.
# There is a sudden relocation which seems to be for one reason, but later you find much more than you bargained for as the synchronicities rapid occur as if a domino effect. For example, you relocate for a new job, then, as if by synchronicity, someone ’special’ comes into your life. You and that person have attracted each other for experience, as all life is nothing more than that. In another case, the energies of the area hold something transformational for you, which is perhaps the reason your soul created the move in the first place.
# You finally end a bad relationship and immediately another partner comes into your life as if by synchronicity.
# You drive to a place where parking is “next to impossible” and someone pulls out of a parking spot or it is waiting for you.
# You meet someone who interests you and touches your soul. Through synchronicity that person seems to come into your life over and over again. You begin to feel a destiny with that person. You begin to think with your heart instead of your head. You connect with that person. In some cases the karma between the two people is positive but in many cases you have attracted that person into your life for a learning lesson whether you are aware of it or not.
# You feel depressed and can’t find focus in your life. The next person you talk you says something that brings needed guidance. In a world of wounded souls, and evolving consciousness, answers to help and guide will come more quickly and from different sources than in your past. Learn from those who come along, but never become co-dependent.
# A well-known example of synchronicity involves the true story of French writer Emile Deschamps. In 1805 he was treated to some plum pudding by Monsieur de Fontgibu. Ten years later, he encountered plum pudding on the menu of a Paris restaurant, and wanted to order some, but the waiter told him the last dish had already been served to another customer, who turns out to be Monsieur de Fontgibu. In 1832 Emile Deschamps visited a restaurant with a friend and is once again offered plum pudding. He recalled the earlier incident and told his friend that only Monsieur de Fontgibu is missing to make the setting complete. At that moment a senile Monsieur de Fontgibu enters the room by mistake.
Carl Jung and Synchronicity
Synchronicities are meaningful coincidences.
Synchronicity is a word coined by the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung to describe the temporally coincident occurrences of acausal events. It was a principle that he felt compassed his concept of the collective unconscious, in that it was descriptive of a governing dynamic that underlay the whole of human experience and history, social, emotional, psychological, and spiritual. Jung believed that many experiences perceived as coincidence were due not merely to chance, but instead potentially reflected the manifestation of coincident events or circumstances consequent to this governing dynamic. Jung spoke of synchronicity as being an “acausal connecting principle” (ie. a pattern of connection that is not explained by causality).
Jung believed the traditional notions of causality were incapable of explaining some of the more improbable forms of coincidence. Where it is plain, felt Jung, that no causal connection can be demonstrated between two events, but where a meaningful relationship nevertheless exists between them, a wholly different type of principle is likely to be operating. Jung called this principle “synchronicity.”
In The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche, Jung describes how, during his research into the phenomenon of the collective unconscious, he began to observe coincidences that were connected in such a meaningful way that their occurrence seemed to defy the calculations of probability. He provided numerous examples from his own psychiatric case-studies, many now legendary.
“A young woman I was treating had, at a critical moment, a dream in which she was given a golden scarab. While she was telling me her dream, I sat with my back to the closed window. Suddenly I heard a noise behind me, like a gentle tapping. I turned round and saw a flying insect knocking against the window-pane from outside. I opened the window and caught the creature in the air as it flew in. It was the nearest analogy to the golden scarab that one finds in our latitudes, a scarabaeid beetle, the common rose-chafer (Cetoaia urata) which contrary to its usual habits had evidently felt an urge to get into a dark room at this particular moment. I must admit that nothing like it ever happened to me before or since, and that the dream of the patient has remained unique in my experience.” The Scarab represented Self-Generation, Resurrection and Renewal.
Who then, might we say, was responsible for the synchronous arrival of the beetle, Jung or the patient? While on the surface reasonable, such a question presupposes a chain of causality Jung claimed was absent from such experience. As psychoanalyst Nandor Fodor has observed, the scarab, by Jung’s view, had no determinable cause, but instead complemented the “impossibility” of the analysis. The disturbance also (as synchronicities often do) prefigured a profound transformation. For, as Fodor observes, Jung’s patient had–until the appearance of the beetle–shown excessive rationality, remaining psychologically inaccessible. Once presented with the scarab, however, she improved.
Because Jung believed the phenomenon of synchronicity was primarily connected with psychic conditions, he felt that such couplings of inner (subjective) and outer (objective) reality evolved through the influence of the archetypes, patterns inherent in the human psyche and shared by all of mankind. These patterns, or “primordial images,” as Jung sometimes refers to them, comprise man’s collective unconscious, representing the dynamic source of all human confrontation with death, conflict, love, sex, rebirth and mystical experience. When an archetype is activated by an emotionally charged event (such as a tragedy), says Jung, other related events tend to draw near. In this way the archetypes become a doorway that provide us access to the experience of meaningful (and often insightful) coincidence.
Implicit in Jung’s concept of synchronicity is the belief in the ultimate “oneness” of the universe. As Jung expressed it, such phenomenon betrays a “peculiar interdependence of objective elements among themselves as well as with the subjective (psychic) states of the observer or observers.” Jung claimed to have found evidence of this interdependence, not only in his psychiatric studies, but in his research of esoteric practices as well.
Of the I Ching, a Chinese method of divination which Jung regarded as the clearest expression of the synchronicity principle, he wrote:
“The Chinese mind, as I see it at work in the I Ching, seems to be exclusively preoccupied with the chance aspect of events. What we call coincidence seems to be the chief concern of this peculiar mind, and what we worship as causality passes almost unnoticed…While the Western mind carefully sifts, weighs, selects, classifies, isolates, the Chinese picture of the moment encompasses everything down to the minutes nonsensical detail, because all of the ingredients make up the observed moment.”
Jung discovered the synchronicity within the I Ching also extended to astrology. In a letter to Freud dated June 12, 1911, he wrote:
“My evenings are taken up largely with astrology. I make horoscopic calculations in order to find a clue to the core of psychological truth. Some remarkable things have turned up which will certainly appear incredible to you…I dare say that we shall one day discover in astrology a good deal of knowledge that has been intuitively projected into the heavens.”
In formulating his synchronicity principle, Jung was influenced to a profound degree by the “new” physics of the twentieth century, which had begun to explore the possible role of consciousness in the physical world. In 1945 Jung wrote
Physics has demonstrated that in the realm of atomic magnitudes objective reality presupposes an observer, and that only on this condition is a satisfactory scheme of explanation possible. This means, that a subjective element attaches to the physicist’s world picture, and secondly that a connection necessarily exists between the psyche to be explained and the objective space-time continuum. These discoveries not only help loosen physics from the iron grip of its materialistic world, but confirmed what I recognized intuitively that matter and consciousness, far from operating independently of each other are, in fact, interconnected in an essential way, functioning as complementary aspects of a unified reality.
The belief suggested by quantum theory and by reports of synchronous events that matter and consciousness interact, is far from new. Synchronicity reveals the meaningful connections between the subjective and objective world. Synchronistic events provide an immediate religious experience as a direct encounter with the compensatory patterning of events in nature as a whole, both inwardly and outwardly.
Jung’s Model
All synchronistic phenomena can be grouped under three categories:
1 The coincidence of a psychic state in the observer with a simultaneous objective, external event that corresponds to the psychic state or content, (e.g. the scarab), where there is no evidence of a causal connection between the psychic state and the external event, and where, considering the psychic relativity of space and time, such a connection is not even conceivable.
2. The coincidence of a psychic state with a corresponding (more or less simultaneous) external even taking place outside the observer’s field of perception, i.e. at a distance, and only verifiable afterward.
3. The coincidence of a psychic state with a corresponding, not yet existent future event that is distant in time and can likewise only be verified afterward.
Two Fundamental Types of Synchronicity
1. One in which the compensatory activity of the archetype is experienced both inwardly and outwardly. [the event seems to emerge from the subconscious with access to absolute knowledge, which cannot be consciously known]
2. One in which the compensatory activity of the archetype is experienced outwardly only. [these convey to the ego a much-needed wholeness of the self's perspective, they show one a new perspective]
Essential Characteristics of the Synchronistic Event
1. The specific intrapsychic state of the subject defined as one of the following:
a) The unconscious content which, in accordance with the compensatory needs of the conscious orientation, enters consciousness [something is in our conscious]
b) The conscious orientation of the subject around which the compensatory synchronistic activity centers [something happens concerning what is in our mind]
2. An objective event corresponds with this intrapsychic state [may be literal or figurative correspondence]
a) The objective event as a compensatory equivalent to the unconscious compensatory content
b) The objective event as the sole compensatory of the ego-consciousness
3. Even though the intrapsychic state and the objective event may be synchronous according to clock time and spatially near to each other, the objective event may, contrary to this, be distant in time and/or space in relation to the intrapsychic state [as in telepathy, clairvoyance, etc.]
4. The intrapsychic state and the objective event are not causally related to each other [acausality]
5. The synchronistic event is meaningful [excludes some coincidence, but does not require the meaning to be understood]
a) The intrapsychic state and the objective event as meaningful parallels.
b. The numinous charge associated with the synchronistic experience [feeling of spiritual experience]
c. Import of the subjective-level interpretation [the content must reflect back on the issues of the individual]
d. The archetypal level of meaning [transcends the individual and implies absolute knowledge].
Princeton Case Study and Conclusions
A 2005 study at Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab, suggested that there is a small, though statistically measurable link, between human thought and patterns that occur in random data sets. There is no evidence as to whether this is caused by individuals unintentionally recognizing complex patterns and then molding their thoughts towards an unconsciously known result or the thoughts of the individual are themselves affecting the random patterns in a manner of individuation. This study’s results have not been replicated, and its methodologies are disputed. Since the theory of synchronicity is not testable according to the classical scientific method, it is not widely regarded as scientific.
Probability theory can attempt to explain events such as the plum pudding incident in our normal world, without any interference by any universal alignment forces. However, the correct variables required for actually computing the probability cannot be found. This is not to say that synchronicity is not a good model for describing a certain kind of human experience, but, according to the scientific method, it is a reason for the refusal of the idea that synchronicity should be considered a “hard fact”, i.e., an actually existing principle of our universe.
Supporters of the theory claim that since the scientific method is applicable only to those phenomena that are reproducible, independent of observer and quantifiable, the argument that synchronicity is not scientifically ‘provable’ should be considered a red herring, as, by definition, synchronistic events are not independent of the observer, since the observer’s unique history is precisely what gives the synchronistic event meaning for the observer.
A synchronistic event appears like just another meaningless ‘random’ event to anyone else without the unique prior history which correlates to the event. This reasoning claims that the principle of synchronicity raises the question of the subjectivity of significance and meaning in the sequence of natural events.
Correlation can also be described as an ‘acausal connecting principle’ and so has been proposed as an analogy to the phenomenon of synchronicity. Though correlation does not necessarily imply causation, yet, correlation may in fact be a physical property shared by events without there being a classical cause-effect relationship, as shown in quantum physics, where widely separated events can be correlated without being linked by a direct physical cause-effect.
Synchronicity has been proposed as a corollary phenomenon of the many-worlds or parallel universes theory of quantum physics, in that the subject is somehow ‘navigating’ to those particular alternate worlds that are correlated to their past history, among the myriad possible other worlds that are not as correlated to their past history. Although this idea has made it into the popular press, it is considered pseudoscience by most scientists as the parallel universe theory states that all possible futures exist simultaneously, therefore the subject indeed lives out all possible futures in parallel.
Ethic of reciprocity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Parable of the Good Samaritan
The ethic of reciprocity, more commonly known as the Golden Rule, is an ethical code that states one has a right to just treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice for others. Reciprocity is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, though it has its critics.[1] A key element of the golden rule is that a person attempting to live by this rule treats all people, not just members of his or her in-group, with consideration.
It exists in both positive (generally structured in the form of “do to others what you would like to be done to you”) and negative form (structured in the form of “do not do to others what you would not like to be done to you”). While similar, these forms are not strictly the same; they differ in what to do with what you would like to be done to you and the other party would not like to be done upon it. The negative form does directly not contain this while the positive form can exclude it indirectly with that you would like from others to check if you really like it, which is an example of using the golden rule in a context which makes it self-correcting, as argued in the criticisms section.
The golden rule has its roots in a wide range of world cultures, and is a standard which different cultures use to resolve conflicts;[2] it was present in the philosophies of ancient Judaism, India, Greece, and China. Principal philosophers and religious figures have stated it in different ways, but its most common English phrasing is attributed to Jesus of Nazareth in the Biblical book of Luke: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” The “Do unto others” wording first appeared in English in a Catholic Catechism around 1567, but certainly in the reprint of 1583.[3]
[edit] Ancient Egypt
An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant which is dated to the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040 – 1650 BCE): “Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do”.[4] An example from a Late Period (c. 1080 – 332 BCE) papyrus : “That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another”.[5]
[edit] Ancient Greek philosophy
The Golden Rule was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy. Examples of the general concept include:
* “Do not to your neighbor what you would take ill from him.” – Pittacus[6]
* “Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing.” – Thales [7]
* “What you wish your neighbors to be to you, such be also to them.” – Sextus the Pythagorean[8]
* “Do not do to others what would anger you if done to you by others.” – Isocrates[9]
* “What thou avoidest suffering thyself seek not to impose on others.” – Epictetus[10]
* “It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and well and justly (agreeing ‘neither to harm nor be harmed’[11]),
and it is impossible to live wisely and well and justly without living a pleasant life.” – Epicurus[12]
[edit] Religion and philosophy
[edit] Global ethic
Main article: Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration
The “Declaration Toward a Global Ethic”[13] from the Parliament of the World’s Religions[14] (1993) proclaimed the Golden Rule (both in negative and positive form) as the common principle for many religions.[15] The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from different faith traditions and spiritual communities.[15]
[edit] Buddhism
See also: Buddhism and Karma
“ Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill. ”
— [16]
“ One who, while himself seeking happiness, oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness, will not attain happiness hereafter. ”
— Dhammapada 10. Violence
[edit] Baha’i Faith
See also: Bahá’í Faith
From the scriptures of the Baha’i Faith:
“ Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee, and say not that which thou doest not. ”
— Baha’u'llah[17][18][19]
“ Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself. ”
— Baha’u'llah[20][21]
“ And if thine eyes be turned towards justice, choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself. ”
— Baha’u'llah[22][23]
[edit] Christianity
See also: Christianity
Within Christian circles, the ethic of reciprocity is often called the “Golden Rule”. Christianity adopted the ethic from two edicts, found in Leviticus 19:18 (“Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself.”, see also Great Commandment) and Leviticus 19:34 (“But the stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God”). Crucially, Leviticus 19:34 universalizes the edict of Leviticus 19:18 from “one of your people” to all of humankind.
The Old Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches also express the Silver Rule.
Tobit 4:15 “Do to no one what you yourself dislike.”
Sirach 31:15 “Recognize that your neighbor feels as you do, and keep in mind your own dislikes.”
Several passages in the New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the ethic of reciprocity, including the following:
Matthew 7:12
12Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.
Luke 6:31
31And as ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them likewise.
Luke 10:25-28
25And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? 26He said unto him, What is written in the law? how readest thou? 27And he answering said, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbour as thyself. 28And he said unto him, Thou hast answered right: this do, and thou shalt live.
Jesus then proceeded to tell the parable of the Good Samaritan, indicating that “your neighbour” means a total stranger, or someone that happens to be nearby. Jesus’ teaching, however, goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasises the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another.
[edit] Confucianism
See also: Confucianism
“ Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself. ”
— Confucius, Analects XV.24 (tr. David Hinton)
The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the Analects.
[edit] Hinduism
See also: Hinduism
“ One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one’s own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires. ”
— Brihaspati, Mahabharata (Anusasana Parva, Section CXIII, Verse 8)[24]
[edit] Islam
See also: Islam
“ Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. ”
— Muhammad, The Farewell Sermon
Jeffrey Wattles holds that the ethic of reciprocity appears in the following statements attributed to Muhammad: [25]
* “Woe to those . . . who, when they have to receive by measure from men, exact full measure, but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than due”[26]
* The Qur’an commends “those who show their affection to such as came to them for refuge and entertain no desire in their hearts for things given to the (latter), but give them preference over themselves”[27]
* “None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.”[28]
* “Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself, that you may be a believer; treat well as a neighbor the one who lives near you, that you may be a Muslim [one who submits to God].”[29]
* “That which you want for yourself, seek for mankind.”[29]
* “The most righteous of men is the one who is glad that men should have what is pleasing to himself, and who dislikes for them what is for him disagreeable.”[29]
[edit] Jainism
See also: Jainism
In Jainism, the ethic of reciprocity is firmly embedded in its entire philosophy and can be seen in its clearest form in the doctrines of Ahimsa and Karma
* Following quotation from the Acaranga Sutra sums up the philosophy of Jainism :
“
Nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential.
In support of this Truth, I ask you a question – “Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ?” If you say “yes it is”, it would be a lie. If you say, “No, It is not” you will be expressing the truth. Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breathe, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant.[30]
”
* Saman Suttam of Jinendra Varni[31] gives further insight into this percepts:-
All the living beings wish to live and not to die; that is why unattached saints prohibit the killing of living beings.
—Suman Suttam , verse 148
Just as pain is not agreeable to you, it is so with others. Knowing this principle of equality treat other with respect and compassion.
—Suman Suttam , verse 150
Killing a living being is killing one’s own self; showing compassion to a living being is showing compassion to oneself. He who desires his own good, should avoid causing any harm to a living being.
—Suman Suttam , verse 151
[edit] Judaism
See also: Judaism
The concept of the Golden Rule originates most famously in the Biblical verse, “Love thy neighbor as yourself” (Hebrew: “ואהבת לרעיך כמוך”) in Leviticus 19:18.
The Sage Hillel formulated the Silver rule in order to illustrate the underlying principles of Jewish moral law:[32]
“ That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn. ”
— Talmud, Shabbat 31a, the “Great Principle”
On this verse, “Love your fellow as yourself,” the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Toras Kohanim, an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: “Love your fellow as yourself — Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah.” [33]
The Hassidic perspective of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi based on the teachings of the Zohar implores one to “repay the offenders with favors”:
“So, too, in matters affecting a person’s relations with his fellow, as soon as there rises from his heart to his mind any animosity or hatred, G-d forbid, or jealousy, anger, or a grudge and the like, he allows them no entrance into his mind and will. On the contrary, his mind exercises its authority and power over the feelings in his heart to do the very opposite, namely, to conduct himself towards his fellow with the quality of kindness and a display of abundant love to the extreme limits, without becoming provoked into anger, G-d forbid, or to revenge in kind, G-d forbid, but rather to repay the offenders with favors, as taught in the Zohar, that one should learn from the example of Yosef [Joseph] towards his brothers.” (Tanya, ch. 12)
“ The convert who resides with you shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I the LORD am your God. ”
— Leviticus 19:34[34], the “Great Commandment”
“ You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your countrymen. Love your fellow as yourself: I am the LORD. ”
— Leviticus 19:18[34]
Israel’s postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp.[35]
[edit] Sikhism
See also: Sikhism and Karma
“ Whom should I despise, since the one Lord made us all. ”
— p.1237, Var Sarang, Guru Granth Sahib (tr. Patwant Singh)
“ The truly enlightened ones are those who neither incite fear in others nor fear anyone themselves. ”
— p.1427, Slok, Guru Granth Sahib (tr. Patwant Singh)
[edit] Taoism
See also: Taoism
“ The sage has no interest of his own, but takes the interests of the people as his own. He is kind to the kind; he is also kind to the unkind: for Virtue is kind. He is faithful to the faithful; he is also faithful to the unfaithful: for Virtue is faithful. ”
— Chapter 49, Tao Teh Ching
“ Regard your neighbor’s gain as your own gain, and your neighbor’s loss as your own loss. ”
— T’ai Shang Kan Ying P’ien
[edit] Criticisms
Many people have criticized the golden rule; George Bernard Shaw once said that “The golden rule is that there are no golden rules”. Shaw also criticized the golden rule, “Do not do unto others as you would expect they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same.” (Maxims for Revolutionists). “The golden rule is a good standard which is further improved by doing unto others, wherever possible, as they want to be done by.” Karl Popper (The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 2) This concept has recently been called “The Platinum Rule”[36] Philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Bertrand Russell[citation needed], have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds.[37] The most serious among these is its application. How does one know how others want to be treated? The obvious way is to ask them, but this cannot be done if one assumes they have not reached a particular and relevant understanding.
[edit] Differences in values or interests
Shaw’s comment about differing tastes suggests that if your values are not shared with others, the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated. For example, it has been said that a sadist is just a masochist who follows the golden rule. Another often used example of this inconsistency is that of the man walking into a bar looking for a fight.[38] It could also be used by a seducer to suggest that he should kiss an object of his affection because he wants that person to kiss him. Similar objections also apply to the so-called “platinum rule,” for if a seducer wants a woman to kiss him, but she does not want him to, it follows from this rule that the seducer should not kiss her—but that she should kiss him.[original research?]
[edit] Differences in situations
Immanuel Kant famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others.[39]
[edit] Responses
Walter Terence Stace, in The Concept of Morals (1937), wrote:
Mr. Bernard Shaw’s remark “Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may be different” is no doubt a smart saying. But it seems to overlook the fact that “doing as you would be done by” includes taking into account your neighbor’s tastes as you would that he should take yours into account. Thus the “golden rule” might still express the essence of a universal morality even if no two men in the world had any needs or tastes in common. [40]
M. G. Singer observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule: as requiring that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you, or that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to.[41] Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second. In his book on the golden rule, Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways (namely, ignoring differences in taste, in situation, and so forth). But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it, asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways, the answer would typically be no, since it is quite predictable that others’ ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to. It follows that we should not do so ourselves—according to the golden rule. In this way, the golden rule may be self-correcting.[42] An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail.[43]
It is possible, then, that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant. We would often want other people to ignore our race or nationality when deciding how to act towards us, but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food, desire for aggressiveness, and so on. The platinum rule, and perhaps other variants, might also be self-correcting in this same manner.
[edit] Scientific research
Further information: Reciprocity (social psychology) and Reciprocal altruism
There has been research published arguing that some ’sense’ of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of neuroscientific and neuroethical principles.[44]
[edit] See also
* Axiom of Equity
* Categorical imperative
* Competitions
* Epicurean ethics
* Ethics in religion
* Force-initiation
* Inalienable rights
* Moral universalism
* Natural rights
* Other
* Random act of kindness
* Silver rule
* Ubuntu (philosophy)
[edit] External links
Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Golden Rule
* Golden Rule Poster in 13 Religions
* A short essay on the Golden Rule
* Golden Rule in a Nutshell, referencing at least 19 religions / belief systems
* Golden Rule Resources and Articles
* Rosicrucians: The Golden Rule
* Shared belief in the Golden Rule
* The Golden Rule as a Global Ethos by Josef Bordat
* The Golden Rule, Ethic of Reciprocity, and the Wiccan Rede
* The Golden Rule in Religion
* The Golden Rule in World Religions
* The Rules of the Game
* The Abolition of Man E-text of the C. S. Lewis book The Abolition of Man, which includes a comparative appendix.
[edit] References
1. ^ Defined another way, it “refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one’s rights are the other’s obligation.”Bornstein, Marc H. (2002). Handbook of Parenting. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 5. ISBN 978-0-8058-3782-7. See also: Paden, William E. (2003). Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion. Beacon Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-8070-7705-4.
2. ^ Stace, Walter T. (1937, Reprinted 1975 by permission of MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.). The Concept of Morals. New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. chapters on Ethical Relativity (pp 1-68), and Unity of Morals (pp 92-107, specifically p 93, 98, 102). ISBN 0-8446-2990-1.
3. ^ Vaux, Laurence (1583, Reprinted by The Chetham Society in 1885). A Catechisme / OR / CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. Manchester, England: The Chetham Society. pp. 47. http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/vaux.htm.
4. ^ “The Culture of Ancient Egypt”, John Albert Wilson, p. 121, University of Chicago Press, 1956, ISBN 0226901521
5. ^ “A Late Period Hieratic Wisdom Text: P. Brooklyn 47.218.135″, Richard Jasnow, p. 95, University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 9780918986856
6. ^ Pittacus, Fragm. 10.3
7. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, “The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers”, I,36
8. ^ Sextus, 406 B.C.
9. ^ Isocrates, “Nicocles”,6
10. ^ Epictetus, “Encheiridion”
11. ^ Tim O’Keefe, Epicurus on Freedom, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.134
12. ^ Epicurus Principal Doctrines tranls. by Robert Drew Hicks (1925)
13. ^ Towards a Global Ethic urbandharma.org
14. ^ The Council for a Parliament of the World’s Religions.
15. ^ a b Towards a Global Ethic (An Initial Declaration) ReligiousTolerance.org
16. ^ Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism by Elizabeth J. Harris (enabling.org)
17. ^ Words of Wisdom See: The Golden Rule
18. ^ Baha’u'llah, Gleanings, LXVI:8
19. ^ Hidden Words of Baha’u'llah, p10
20. ^ The Golden Rule Baha’i Faith
21. ^ Tablets of Baha’u'llah, p71
22. ^ The Hidden Words of Bahá’u'lláh — Part II
23. ^ Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p30
24. ^ Mahabharata Book 13
25. ^ Jeffrey Wattles, The Golden Rule (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) 4, 191-192, Questia, 24 July 2007
26. ^ Qur’an (Surah 83, “The Unjust,” vv. 1-4)
Wattles (191)
Rost, H.T.D. The Golden Rule: A Universal Ethic, 100. Oxford, 1986
27. ^ Qur’an (Surah 59, “Exile,” vv. 9)
Wattles (192)
Rost (100)
28. ^ An-Nawawi’s Forty Hadith 13 (p. 56)
Wattles (191)
Rost (100)
29. ^ a b c Sukhanan-i-Muhammad (Teheran, 1938) [English Title: Conversations of Muhammad]
Wattles (192)
Rost (100)
Donaldson Dwight M. 1963. Studies in Muslim Ethics, p.82. London: S.P.C.K
30. ^ Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22.. http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm. Sutra 155-6
31. ^ *Varni, Jinendra; Ed. Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Translated Justice T.K. Tukol and Dr. K.K. Dixit (1993). Samaṇ Suttaṁ. New Delhi: Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti.
32. ^ Gensler, Harry J. (1996). Formal Ethics. Routledge. pp. 105. ISBN 0415130662.
33. ^ Kedoshim 19:18, Toras Kohanim, ibid. See also Talmud Yerushalmi, Nedarim 9:4; Bereishis Rabbah 24:7.
34. ^ a b New JPS Hebrew/English Tanakh
35. ^ Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica – Emory University
36. ^ The Busybody: The Platinum Rule
37. ^ Only a Game: The Golden Rule
38. ^ How would you feel, if a million Soviet troops stormed your Reich Capital?
39. ^ Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Cambridge University Press 1997, p68, also his Critique of Practical Reason, trans. T.K. Abbott, 6th ed., p48note
40. ^ Stace, Walter T. (1937, Reprinted 1975 by permission of MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc.). The Concept of Morals. New York: The MacMillan Company. p. 136. ISBN 0-8446-2990-1.
41. ^ M.G. Singer, The Ideal of a Rational Morality, p270
42. ^ Wattles, p6
43. ^ Jouni Reinikainen, “The Golden Rule and the Requirement of Universalizability.” Journal of Value Inquiry. 39(2): 155-168, 2005.
44. ^ Pfaff, Donald W., “The Neuroscience of Fair Play: Why We (Usually) Follow the Golden Rule”, Dana Press, The Dana Foundation, New York, 2007. ISBN 9781932594270
Golden Rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Golden Rule may refer to:
* Ethic of reciprocity, the Golden Rule in ethics, morality, history and religion
* Golden Rule savings rate, in economics, the savings rate which maximizes consumption in the Solow growth model
* Golden Rule (fiscal policy), in economics, a rule adopted in the UK by HM Treasury to provide guidelines for fiscal policy
* Golden rule (law), or the British Rule
* Golden Rule (album), the forthcoming seventh studio album by Australian rock band Powderfinger
* Golden Rule, a boat skippered by Albert Bigelow used in a nuclear-weapons protest
* Fermi’s golden rule, a formula of quantum mechanics
* Ronen’s golden rule for cluster radioactivity
* Golden Rule Store, the original name of JCPenney
* Golden Rule Airlines, a small aviation company located in Kyrgyzstan
* Golden Rule Insurance Company, a health insurance company based in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A.
* Samuel M. Jones, a.k.a. “Golden Rule” Jones, mayor of Toledo, Ohio, 1897
* an alternate name for the Rule of Three, a particular form of Cross-multiplication in elementary mathematics
[edit] See also
* Silver rule
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